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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Fat-Water Phantoms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Validation: A Flexible and Scalable Protocol
Published on: September 7, 2018
Multicenter, multivendor phantom study to validate proton density fat fraction and T2* values calculated using
Tatsuya Hayashi1, Kei Fukuzawa2, Hidekazu Yamazaki3
1Graduate School of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
Purpose:
To evaluate the reproducibility of proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and T2* in a fat-water phantom on three different 3 T MRI systems using 6-point DIXON methods.
Methods:
A phantom which included varying fat volume percentages (true fat fraction [FF]) was scanned by three 3 T MR machines, and PDFF and T2* were measured.
Results:
The mean difference between true FF and PDFF was small in all vendors (-2.11% to 0.41%). However, the difference ratio for T2* values was large among vendors (1.79 to 3.36).
Conclusions:
True FF and PDFF were consistent across vendors; however, T2* varied greatly.
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