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Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Ionic Radii

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Ionic liquids gels: Soft materials for environmental remediation.

Salvatore Marullo¹, Carla Rizzo¹, Nadka T Dintcheva²

¹Dipartimento STEBICEF-Sezione di Chimica-Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

|February 10, 2018

Summary

Novel supramolecular ionic liquid gels efficiently remove cationic dyes from wastewater. These reusable gels demonstrate superior performance compared to existing sorbent systems, offering a sustainable solution for water remediation.

Keywords:

Diimidazolium salts Dye removal Environmental remediation Ionic liquids Supramolecular gels Water treatment

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Environmental Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Nanostructured sorbents, particularly supramolecular gels, show promise for removing toxic water contaminants like industrial dyes.
Ionic liquids are known for their ability to dissolve substantial amounts of dyes, suggesting potential for enhanced sorbent materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and investigate novel supramolecular ionic liquid gels for efficient dye removal from wastewater.
To explore the potential of these gels as superior alternatives to traditional liquid-liquid extraction methods for dye remediation.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of supramolecular ionic liquid gels using diimidazolium salts with biomass-derived anions.
Adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes from simulated wastewater.
Comprehensive characterization of gel properties including thermal, structural, morphological, and rheological features.

Main Results:

The developed ionic liquid gels exhibited rapid and complete removal of cationic dyes, such as Rhodamine B.
The sorbent gels demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining high efficiency over 20 cycles of use.
These novel gels significantly outperformed previously reported gel-based sorbent systems in dye removal efficiency.

Conclusions:

Supramolecular ionic liquid gels are highly effective and reusable sorbents for removing cationic dyes from wastewater.
Understanding the structure-property relationships of these gels is crucial for designing advanced materials for environmental remediation.
These findings present a significant advancement in sustainable water treatment technologies.