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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Non-coding RNAs and retroviruses.

Xu Zhang1,2,3, Xiancai Ma1,2,3, Shuliang Jing1,2,3

  • 1Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.

Retrovirology
|February 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial regulators in antiviral responses and retroviral life cycles. Recent advances highlight their roles in retroviral diseases, offering new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
Long non-coding RNAMicroRNANon-coding RNARetrovirusesViral life cycleVirus latency

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Retroviruses cause severe diseases like cancer and AIDS.
  • Retroviral replication involves reverse transcription and host genome integration.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate essential cellular processes, including antiviral responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in ncRNA research related to retroviruses.
  • To highlight ncRNAs that impact retroviral understanding and disease treatment.
  • To focus on ncRNAs in the retroviral life cycle and virus-host interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ncRNA studies in retrovirology.
  • Analysis of next-generation sequencing data for viral and host ncRNAs.
  • Examination of ncRNA involvement in retroviral replication phases.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs play significant roles in the retroviral life cycle and virus-host interactions.
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in the late stages of retroviral replication.
  • Next-generation sequencing has accelerated the discovery of viral and host ncRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs offer novel strategies for treating retrovirus-related diseases.
  • Further investigation is needed into the roles of ncRNAs in the early stages of viral replication.
  • Understanding ncRNA functions is key to combating retroviral infections.