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Standing Waves01:17

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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end....
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
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Multifractal Spectrum Analysis for Assessing Pulmonary Nodule Malignancy
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The Sonographic Subcentimeter Malignant Thyroid Nodule: What Does It Stand for?

Annette Pascual Marrero, Alvaro Gracia, William Méndez

    The American Surgeon
    |February 12, 2018
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    Sonographic size of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) nodules impacts surgical extent. Nodules <5 mm may need further surgery, while 6-10 mm nodules carry a moderate risk of unfavorable criteria.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Oncology
    • Surgical Pathology

    Background:

    • Thyroid cancer management trends towards less extensive surgery for favorable lesions.
    • Sonographic (US) nodule size is being evaluated as a criterion for surgical extent in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the reliability of sonographic (US) thyroid nodule size in determining surgical extent for PTC.
    • To correlate US nodule size with unfavorable pathological criteria.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective study of 182 PTC patients with pre-operative US nodules <10 mm.
    • Patients grouped by US size: Group A (1-5 mm) and Group B (6-10 mm).
    • Statistical analysis of unfavorable criteria: multifocality, capsular/angio/lymphatic/extratreacheal invasion, and metastases.

    Main Results:

    • Group A (1-5 mm): 30 patients, 5 (17%) had unfavorable criteria.
    • Group B (6-10 mm): 152 patients, 53 (35%) had unfavorable criteria (P < 0.005).
    • Nodules <5 mm may require further surgery; 6-10 mm nodules have a moderate risk of unfavorable pathology.

    Conclusions:

    • Sonographic size is an important factor but not definitive for surgical extent in PTC.
    • Careful consideration of US size is needed to balance conservative surgery with risk of residual disease or recurrence.
    • Further research may refine criteria for selecting patients for less extensive surgery.