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Inherent variation in multiple shoe-sole test impressions.

Yaron Shor1, Sarena Wiesner1, Tsadok Tsach2

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Crime scene shoeprints are often unclear. Even controlled lab tests show significant variability between prints from the same shoe, which can mislead forensic examiners.

Keywords:
Footwear impressionIntra class variabilityRACShoeprintsTest impressionWithin source variability

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Biometrics
  • Pattern Evidence Analysis

Background:

  • Shoeprints at crime scenes are frequently distorted, contaminated, or obscured by background noise.
  • Laboratory test impressions are often assumed to be perfect replicas of shoe soles, but this assumption is flawed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the inherent within-source variability of controlled shoeprints made from the same shoe.
  • To analyze differences in consecutive test impressions produced under identical laboratory conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Repeated test impressions were generated from the same shoe under controlled laboratory conditions.
  • Datasets were created, and relevant characteristics (RACs) were marked on each impression using specialized software.
  • Statistical analysis was performed to quantify the variance observed.

Main Results:

  • Significant variations, ranging from minor to major, were observed between test impressions from the same shoe sole.
  • This within-source variability can potentially mislead practitioners during footwear comparison.
  • The study demonstrates and discusses the sources of this variance in controlled shoeprints.

Conclusions:

  • The assumption of uniformity in laboratory-generated shoeprints is incorrect.
  • Within-source variability in shoeprints must be acknowledged and considered during forensic footwear comparisons.
  • A more nuanced approach is needed when evaluating the degree of matching between individual characteristics.