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[Extraadrenal glucocorticoid synthesis].

Ágnes Szappanos1,2, Katalin Mészáros3, Zsolt Nagy1,3

  • 1II. Belgyógyászati Klinika, Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Budapest.

Orvosi Hetilap
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Endogenous glucocorticoids are vital for immune and anti-inflammatory responses. Recent evidence shows extra-adrenal tissues can synthesize these steroids locally, impacting homeostasis and inflammation.

Keywords:
cortisolde novo corticosteroid synthesisde novo kortikoszteroidszintéziskortizolszövetspecifikus glükokortikoidszabályozástissue-specific glucocorticoid regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Endogenous glucocorticoids regulate crucial physiological processes, including immune modulation and anti-inflammatory responses.
  • Cortisol secretion is primarily controlled by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.
  • A local regulatory system involving 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and glucocorticoid receptors also exists for tissue-specific control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for extra-adrenal corticosteroid synthesis.
  • To explore the role of locally synthesized steroids in tissue homeostasis and immune function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent evidence on extra-adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis.
  • Identification of tissues expressing steroidogenic enzymes for de novo corticosteroid synthesis.
  • Analysis of the proposed autocrine and paracrine mechanisms of local steroid action.

Main Results:

  • Extra-adrenal corticosteroid synthesis occurs in various tissues, including the skin, intestine, thymus, brain, heart, and lung.
  • Steroidogenic enzymes necessary for de novo synthesis have been identified in these tissues.
  • Locally synthesized steroids likely function in autocrine and paracrine manners, regulated by local loops.

Conclusions:

  • De novo corticosteroid synthesis outside the adrenal gland is significant.
  • Local glucocorticoid synthesis plays a key role in regulating local homeostasis, immune responses, and tissue-specific inflammation.