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The Periodic Table03:25

The Periodic Table

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As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). All of these elements are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and have similar chemical properties. A second grouping includes calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), which also are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have chemical properties in common. However,...
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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation
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Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

Published on: April 11, 2014

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Ultrastable actinide endohedral borospherenes.

Cong-Zhi Wang1, Tao Bo, Jian-Hui Lan

  • 1Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. shiwq@ihep.ac.cn.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|February 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

We explored actinide-doped borospherenes, discovering stable endohedral structures like uranium and thorium encapsulated in boron cages. These findings suggest new pathways for modifying and functionalizing borophenes.

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Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation
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Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

Published on: April 11, 2014

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Borospherenes, particularly metal-doped variants, have garnered significant research interest following the discovery of all-boron fullerenes.
  • Exploration of actinide analogues in metalloborospherenes remains limited despite theoretical investigations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility and structural properties of actinide borospherenes (AnBn) using computational methods.
  • To identify stable endohedral structures and analyze the bonding characteristics of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) doped borospherenes.

Main Methods:

  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the PBE0 functional was employed for calculations.
  • Global minimum search and structural characterization of actinide borospherenes (An = U, Th; n = 36, 38, 40).
  • Analysis of thermodynamic and dynamic stability, electronic structure, and bonding properties.

Main Results:

  • Actinide borospherenes (AnBn) were found to adopt stable endohedral structures (An@Bn) as global minima.
  • U@B36 and Th@B38 exhibit near-ideal endohedral geometries and high thermodynamic and dynamic stability.
  • Bonding analysis revealed significant covalent character in the metal-cage interactions and confirmed 32-electron configurations for U@B36 and Th@B38, with Th@B38 displaying 3D aromaticity.

Conclusions:

  • Actinide doping can effectively stabilize diverse borospherene structures.
  • The findings suggest potential avenues for the modification and functionalization of borophenes through actinide incorporation.
  • U@B36 and Th@B38 represent promising candidates for further experimental and theoretical studies.