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Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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Personal Identity01:25

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Personal identity is the deeply felt sense of self that individuals cultivate over time, intricately woven from intrinsic qualities they consider essential to their existence—qualities such as morality, intelligence, and friendliness. These attributes serve as vital internal benchmarks, guiding individuals in evaluating whether their actions resonate with their true selves.When personal identity takes center stage in one's life, individuals often emphasize their distinctiveness,...
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Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection
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Personal bests as reference points.

Ashton Anderson1,2, Etan A Green2,3

  • 1Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8; ashton@cs.toronto.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Chess players strive for personal best ratings, increasing effort to achieve them. Once a new personal best is reached, players reduce effort, motivated by loss aversion.

Keywords:
goalsloss aversionmotivationpersonal bestsreference points

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Economics
  • Sports Psychology

Background:

  • Personal bests serve as crucial benchmarks for performance evaluation.
  • Specific and challenging goals typically enhance motivation more than general ones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of personal bests on player motivation and effort in chess.
  • To explore whether achieving a personal best leads to a decrease in subsequent effort.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 133 million chess game records.
  • Examination of player rating changes and effort levels in relation to personal bests.

Main Results:

  • Players significantly increase effort to achieve new personal best ratings.
  • Effort demonstrably decreases immediately after a new personal best is attained.
  • This pattern aligns with motivation predicted by loss aversion principles.

Conclusions:

  • Personal bests function as powerful, specific goals that drive effort.
  • The achievement of a personal best can paradoxically lead to reduced motivation and effort, consistent with loss aversion theory.