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Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area

Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area

Published on: August 9, 2016

Advanced imaging technology applications in cytology.

Liron Pantanowitz¹, Frederic Preffer², David C Wilbur²

¹Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Diagnostic Cytopathology

|February 14, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced imaging techniques offer ultra-high resolution for cell analysis, with potential applications in cytopathology. Further research is needed to validate these novel methods for routine clinical use.

Keywords:

3D advanced imaging cytometry image mass cytometry imaging flow cytometry nanoscale optical coherence tomography quantitative phase microscopy tomographic imaging

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Published on: August 4, 2018

Area of Science:

Cellular imaging
Cytopathology
Biomarker analysis

Background:

Emerging imaging technologies enable cellular and subcellular resolution analysis.
These advanced methods are being tested on cytology specimens, showing potential to transform cytopathology.
Current cytopathology practices can benefit from enhanced diagnostic capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To review novel advanced imaging methods for cytopathology.
To discuss the applications of specific techniques like optical coherence tomography and quantitative phase microscopy.
To examine the potential of 3D cytology, imaging flow, and mass cytometry in cytopathology.

Main Methods:

Review of advanced imaging techniques including optical coherence tomography, quantitative phase microscopy, 3D cytology (LuCED), imaging flow cytometry, and mass cytometry.
Analysis of applications in various cytology specimens such as Pap tests, urine cytology, effusion samples, and sputum samples.
Discussion of the capabilities for ultra-high resolution imaging in 2D and 3D.

Main Results:

Optical coherence tomography shows potential for optical biopsies and visualizing cells in effusions.
Quantitative phase microscopy may improve Pap test screening and urine cytology diagnoses.
3D cytology (LuCED) is explored for lung cancer detection, and flow/mass cytometry for multi-biomarker analysis.

Conclusions:

Novel imaging technologies present significant potential for advancing cytopathology.
These techniques offer enhanced resolution and multi-biomarker analysis capabilities.
Further validation and research are essential for the routine integration of these technologies into cytopathology practice.