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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Published on: July 29, 2020

Small cities face greater impact from automation.

Morgan R Frank¹, Lijun Sun¹, Manuel Cebrian^1,2

¹Media Laboratory, Systems, & Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

|February 14, 2018

Summary

Automation will disproportionately affect smaller cities, causing job displacement. Larger cities, with specialized, less automatable jobs, will experience a reduced impact from automation, offering greater employment stability.

Keywords:

automation city science future of work resilience

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Area of Science:

Urban Studies
Labor Economics
Technology Impact

Background:

Cities are centers of employment and human agglomeration.
Automation and artificial intelligence raise concerns about future job markets.
The differential impact of automation on urban employment is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the impact of automation on employment across different US urban areas.
To compare how automation affects job displacement and content in cities of varying sizes.
To identify factors influencing automation's effect on urban labor markets.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of automation's impact on US urban areas.
Examination of occupational and skill specialization in cities.
Robustness checks including error estimation and subsampling.

Main Results:

Smaller cities face greater worker displacement and job content changes due to automation.
Larger cities show increased occupational and skill specialization.
Managerial and technical professions, prevalent in large cities, are less susceptible to automation.

Conclusions:

Urban agglomeration influences the impact of automation on employment.
Large cities possess inherent characteristics that mitigate automation's negative effects on jobs.
This study establishes an empirical link between urban structure and automation's labor market consequences.