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Related Concept Videos

Gap Junctions01:37

Gap Junctions

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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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Gap Junctions01:27

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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups01:14

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Ortho–para directors are substituent groups attached to the benzene ring and direct the addition of an electrophile to the positions ortho or para to the substituent. All electron-donating groups are considered ortho–para directors. They donate electrons to the ring and make the ring more electron-rich. The ring is therefore susceptible to the addition of electrophiles. Substituents such as amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy, containing lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the ring, donate...
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In-situ Hybridization02:31

In-situ Hybridization

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In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique used to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissue, or tissue sections using a labeled probe. The technique was first used in 1969 for the investigation of nucleic acids. It is currently an essential tool in scientific research and clinical settings, especially for diagnostic purposes.
Types of probes and labels
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Directional Terms01:14

Directional Terms

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Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another, or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure. These terms often use comparative terms in pairs to trace out the relative locations of one body part to another or descriptions of body tissues like the deeper ones from superficially present with reference to...
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At-Risk Butterfly Captive Propagation Programs to Enhance Life History Knowledge and Effective Ex Situ Conservation Techniques
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In situ mycorrhizal function - knowledge gaps and future directions.

Ylva Lekberg1,2, Thorunn Helgason3

  • 1MPG Ranch, Missoula, MT, 59803, USA.

The New Phytologist
|February 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most mycorrhizal function studies occur in labs, not the field. Research needs to move outdoors to understand these plant-fungal interactions in real-world conditions and uncover new functions.

Keywords:
arbuscular mycorrhizasectomycorrhizasfieldmethodsmycorrhizal function

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Plant Science
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Mycorrhizal functions are well-studied in controlled settings.
  • Realized functions in natural, complex environments remain largely unknown.
  • Existing research often focuses on arbuscular and ectomycorrhizas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the state of mycorrhizal function research.
  • To highlight the need for field-based studies.
  • To explore methods for in situ mycorrhizal research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature survey of mycorrhizal function studies in New Phytologist (30 years).
  • Discussion synthesis from a workshop on in situ mycorrhizal function.
  • Examination of old and new techniques for field research.

Main Results:

  • Most studies are conducted under controlled conditions.
  • Research predominantly focuses on nutrient and carbon dynamics.
  • A need for understanding fungal traits and their relation to function was identified.

Conclusions:

  • Field experiments are crucial for quantifying realized mycorrhizal functions.
  • Moving research outdoors can help revisit existing paradigms.
  • In situ studies may lead to the discovery of novel mycorrhizal functions.