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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

30.1K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.4K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

8.9K
Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
8.9K
Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

53.0K
Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
53.0K
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.9K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

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Accessing Heterobiaryls through Transition-Metal-Free C-H Functionalization.

Ananya Banik1, Rupankar Paira2, Bikash Kumar Shaw1

  • 1Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry
|February 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new transition-metal-free method for synthesizing heterobiaryls, crucial in drug discovery. The efficient process uses a novel phenalenyl ligand, achieving high yields with broad applicability.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Heterobiaryls are vital pharmacophores in drug development.
  • Existing synthetic methods often rely on transition metals, posing challenges.
  • A need exists for efficient, metal-free routes to heterobiaryl compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel transition-metal-free synthetic protocol for heterobiaryls.
  • To utilize a new multidonor phenalenyl (PLY)-based ligand for this transformation.
  • To elucidate the reaction mechanism, including the role of single electron transfer (SET).

Main Methods:

  • Employed a phenalenyl (PLY)-based ligand in a transition-metal-free reaction.
  • Investigated a wide substrate scope, demonstrating broad applicability.
  • Utilized magnetic studies to isolate and characterize the SET initiator.

Main Results:

  • Achieved excellent product yields (up to 95%) with low catalyst loading.
  • Demonstrated a wide substrate scope with 24 examples successfully synthesized.
  • Established a reaction mechanism involving single electron transfer (SET) from a phenalenyl-based radical.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocol offers an efficient and versatile metal-free route to heterobiaryls.
  • The phenalenyl ligand facilitates the reaction via a single electron transfer mechanism.
  • This method holds significant potential for pharmaceutical synthesis and drug discovery.