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Related Concept Videos

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the lytic replication...
Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects its...
DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda
06:10

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

Published on: October 14, 2011

Mutational analysis of bacteriophage lambda lysis gene S.

R Raab, G Neal, J Garrett

    Journal of Bacteriology
    |September 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers studied mutations in the bacteriophage lambda S gene, identifying changes affecting its membrane localization and function. These findings inform models of S protein structure and oligomerization during phage lysis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Virology
    • Membrane Protein Structure

    Background:

    • Bacteriophage lambda lysis is mediated by the S gene product.
    • The S protein is an inner membrane protein essential for phage propagation.
    • Understanding S protein function requires knowledge of its membrane topology and interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify mutations in the bacteriophage lambda S gene that abolish host lethality.
    • To elucidate the structure-function relationship of the S protein.
    • To develop a model for S protein disposition in the inner membrane.

    Main Methods:

    • Hydroxylamine mutagenesis of a lambda lysis plasmid.
    • Selection for mutations eliminating S gene host lethality.
    • DNA sequencing to identify mutations.
    • Analysis of missense mutations and their predicted effects on protein structure.

    Main Results:

    • 48 single-base mutations in the S gene were identified, generating 33 missense alleles.
    • Most mutations occurred in the N-terminal two-thirds of the S protein.
    • A model proposing two transmembrane domains in the S protein was supported by mutational data.
    • Charge changes or loss of glycine residues in key domains inactivated the protein.
    • Subtle mutations affecting alpha-helical character were also observed.

    Conclusions:

    • The S protein likely contains two transmembrane domains, with the N-terminus exposed to the periplasm.
    • Mutational analysis provides strong support for the proposed membrane topology model.
    • The findings have implications for understanding S protein oligomerization and function during phage lysis.