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Related Concept Videos

Lift01:23

Lift

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Lift is a fundamental aerodynamic force that acts perpendicular to the direction of airflow. It plays a central role in achieving and sustaining flight and in stabilizing various vehicles. Lift primarily originates from pressure differences created across surfaces, such as an airfoil. A lower pressure region forms above the wing, while a higher pressure region forms below it, generating an upward force. This differential results from the shape and orientation of the airfoil, enabling the wing...
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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
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Torque Free Motion01:15

Torque Free Motion

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The torque-free motion refers to the movement of a rigid body in space when no external torques are acting upon it. This type of motion can be observed in environments where there are no external forces or frictions, like in outer space. For example, a rotation of Mars in space is a torque-free motion. Mars is an axisymmetric object, meaning it has an axis of symmetry along which it rotates, designated as the z-axis. The rotating frame of reference is defined such that the center of mass of...
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Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Binary Acids and Bases
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In Vivo Measurement of Hindlimb Dorsiflexor Isometric Torque from Pig
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Forearm Torque and Lifting Strength: Normative Data.

Peter Axelsson1, Per Fredrikson2, Anders Nilsson1

  • 1Department of Hand Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden.

The Journal of Hand Surgery
|February 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New reference values for forearm torque and lifting strength were established. Grip strength, sex, age, and height are key predictors for these measurements, aiding clinical assessments.

Keywords:
Forearm torquelifting strengthnormative datareference valuesstrength measurementwrist dynamometer

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Area of Science:

  • Musculoskeletal health
  • Biomechanics
  • Human performance

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of forearm torque and lifting strength is crucial for clinical assessment.
  • Existing methods require established reference values for reliable interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Establish reference values for forearm torque and lifting strength using new measurement methods.
  • Compare these new measurements with grip strength.
  • Develop predictive models for strength based on demographic factors.

Main Methods:

  • 499 volunteers (262 males, 237 females, aged 15-85) underwent testing for forearm torque, lifting strength, and grip strength.
  • Data collected included sex, age, height, weight, hand dominance, and occupational manual strain.
  • Standardized procedures were employed for all measurements.

Main Results:

  • Men exhibited approximately 70% higher forearm torque and lifting strength than women.
  • Highest strength values were observed in males aged 26-35 and females aged 36-45.
  • Significant correlations were found between grip strength, forearm torque, and lifting strength.
  • Sex, age, height, and weight were significant predictors of strength measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Reference values for forearm torque and lifting strength were successfully acquired for clinical use.
  • Grip strength is highly correlated with forearm torque and lifting strength.
  • Prediction equations incorporating sex, age, and height were generated to estimate strength.