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Thyroid hormone receptor localization in target tissues.

Cyril S Anyetei-Anum1, Vincent R Roggero1, Lizabeth A Allison2

  • 1Department of BiologyCollege of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA.

The Journal of Endocrinology
|February 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) regulate gene expression and physiological processes. This review details TR subtype transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm, influencing thyroid hormone signaling.

Keywords:
mitochondrial importnuclear exportnuclear importthyroid hormonethyroid hormone receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Endocrinology
  • Nuclear Receptor Signaling

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are nuclear receptors crucial for physiological and developmental processes.
  • TRs function as ligand-dependent transcription factors, regulating target gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dynamic transport pathways of TR subtypes between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • To explore the interplay between TR localization and thyroid hormone signaling.
  • To examine tissue-specific localization patterns and emerging cytoplasmic functions of TRs.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of data on nuclear localization signals (NLS) and nuclear export signals (NES) within TR subtypes.
  • Analysis of interactions with importins and exportins for nuclear translocation.
  • Review of existing literature on TR localization and function.

Main Results:

  • Identification of multiple NLS and NES in TRα1 and TRβ1, mediating nuclear import and export.
  • Evidence for rapid nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of TRα1 and TRβ1.
  • Emerging understanding of diverse cytoplasmic functions for other TR subtypes.

Conclusions:

  • TR subtype localization is dynamic and regulated, involving complex transport pathways.
  • Nucleocytoplasmic transport significantly influences thyroid hormone signaling activities.
  • TRs exhibit tissue-specific localization, including to mitochondria and the plasma membrane, expanding their functional roles.