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Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
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Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

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The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

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The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
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Threats to Biodiversity01:50

Threats to Biodiversity

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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Keystone Species01:39

Keystone Species

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Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ecological community’s structure. Many factors affect community structure, including abiotic factors (e.g., sunlight and nutrients), disturbances (e.g., fire or flood), species interactions (e.g., predation or competition), and chance events (e.g., foreign species invasion). Certain species—such as keystone species—also play a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
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A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

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Trismus caused by paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis.

Naveed Malek1, Maxwell Damian1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, Ipswich, UK.

Practical Neurology
|February 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A middle-aged man with trismus and double vision was diagnosed with paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis. Further tests revealed metastatic small cell lung cancer, prompting chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Paraneoplastic syndromes can present with diverse neurological symptoms.
  • Early diagnosis of neurological complications in cancer patients is crucial for effective treatment.

Observation:

  • A middle-aged male presented with trismus, diplopia, and behavioral changes.
  • Initial brain MRI was normal; subsequent FLAIR imaging revealed hippocampal high signals.
  • Positron emission tomography-CT identified abnormal subcarinal lymph nodes.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis.
  • Biopsy confirmed metastatic small cell lung cancer in the subcarinal nodes.
  • The patient's symptoms were linked to the underlying malignancy.
Keywords:
paraneoplastic syndrome

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Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering paraneoplastic encephalitis in patients with unexplained neurological deficits and a smoking history.
  • Integrated imaging modalities like MRI and PET-CT are vital for diagnosing rare oncological and neurological comorbidities.
  • Timely diagnosis and multimodal treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy) can improve outcomes for patients with paraneoplastic syndromes and metastatic cancer.