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Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Crystal Field Theory
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Solution-mediated crystallization of amorphous azithromycin.

N Stieger, A Joubert, W Liebenberg

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    |February 15, 2018
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Amorphous azithromycin exhibits slow crystallization in water, maintaining solubility for extended periods. This characteristic enhances oral absorption potential for this BCS Class II drug.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pharmaceutical Sciences
    • Solid-State Chemistry
    • Drug Delivery

    Background:

    • Amorphous drugs present stability challenges due to water sensitivity.
    • Crystallization of amorphous forms reduces bioavailability.
    • Azithromycin is a BCS Class II drug with variable oral absorption.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the stability of amorphous azithromycin in aqueous environments.
    • To evaluate the rate of solution-mediated phase transformation.
    • To assess the impact on apparent solubility and oral absorption.

    Main Methods:

    • Exposure of amorphous azithromycin to water as a dissolution medium.
    • Monitoring of crystallization and phase transformation processes.
    • Measurement of apparent solubility over time.

    Main Results:

    • Crystallization of amorphous azithromycin was observed in water.
    • The solution-mediated phase transformation was not rapid.
    • High apparent solubility was maintained for a significant duration.

    Conclusions:

    • Amorphous azithromycin's slow transformation is advantageous for oral administration.
    • High molecular mass and complex structure contribute to its stability.
    • Sustained solubility enhances the absorption of this BCS Class II drug.