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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents
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Published on: February 15, 2014

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Deep brain stimulation.

Helen Brontë-Stewart1

  • 1Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

Neurology. Clinical Practice
|February 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) effectively treats Parkinson disease and essential tremor by improving motor symptoms. However, DBS may not fully address axial, cognitive, or speech impairments, and carries surgical risks.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a recognized treatment for Parkinson disease (PD), essential tremor, and primary dystonia.
  • DBS is also being explored for various neuropsychiatric conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and risks of DBS for movement disorders and potential neuropsychiatric applications.
  • To evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of DBS in specific brain targets like the subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus interna (GPi), and motor thalamus.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established and investigational uses of DBS.
  • Analysis of DBS effects on motor and non-motor symptoms in PD, essential tremor, and dystonia.
  • Assessment of perioperative risks and comparison with ablative therapies.

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Main Results:

  • DBS in PD (subthalamic nucleus or GPi) improves tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, mood, sleep, and "on" time, but not axial/cognitive deficits or speech.
  • DBS in the motor thalamus can alleviate various tremor types.
  • GPi DBS is effective for hyperkinetic and tonic aspects of dystonias.
  • Perioperative risks include hemorrhage, stroke (<2%), and infection (~8%).

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing the benefit/risk ratio of DBS requires careful patient selection and experienced surgical teams.
  • While effective, DBS is costly; unilateral ablation offers an efficacious alternative.
  • Bilateral ablations carry significant risks of speech impairment and disequilibrium.