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Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented by two primary reproductive strategies; K-strategists produce few offspring but provide substantial parental support, whereas r-strategists produce much progeny that receives little care. These strategies are related to an organism’s survival likelihood across its lifespan, which is represented by a survivorship curve. Three general types of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2026

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster
10:00

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Published on: January 7, 2013

Race Differences in Linking Family Formation Transitions to Women's Mortality.

Adriana M Reyes1, Melissa Hardy2, Eliza Pavalko3

  • 11 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Journal of Health and Social Behavior
|February 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Family formation timing, including childbirth and marriage, impacts longevity differently for white and black women. Having children and when they have their first child significantly affects mortality risks.

Keywords:
birth timinglife coursemarriagemortalityrace

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Area of Science:

  • Sociology
  • Demography
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Life course transitions, such as marriage and childbirth, are critical determinants of health outcomes.
  • Understanding race-based disparities in these associations is essential for public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between the timing and sequencing of first marriage and childbirth and mortality.
  • To examine race differences in these associations among women.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Cox proportional hazard models.
  • Analyzed data from 4,988 white and black women (born 1922-1937) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Women.

Main Results:

  • Marital history was not associated with longevity.
  • Having children, timing of first birth, and birth-marriage sequencing were linked to mortality.
  • Childbearing was linked to increased longevity in white women but decreased longevity in black women.
  • Delayed first birth was protective for white women, but not for black women.

Conclusions:

  • Social context significantly influences how life course transitions affect mortality.
  • Race-specific analyses are crucial for understanding disparities in health outcomes related to family formation.