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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
The chemical gradient relies on differences in the abundance of a substance on the outside versus the inside of a cell and flows from areas of high to low ion concentration. In contrast, the electrical gradient revolves around an...

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...

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Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors

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Gradient-Type Magnetoelectric Current Sensor with Strong Multisource Noise Suppression.

Mingji Zhang^1,2, Siu Wing Or^3,4

¹Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. mingji.zhang@connect.polyu.hk.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|February 15, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel magnetoelectric (ME) current sensor detects current by measuring magnetic field gradients. This sensor offers high sensitivity and noise rejection for accurate current measurement.

Keywords:

current sensor magnetic field gradient magnetoelectric effect multisource noise suppression

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrical Engineering
Physics

Background:

Magnetoelectric (ME) sensors offer unique properties for detecting physical quantities.
Accurate current sensing is crucial in various electrical and electronic applications.
Existing sensors may face limitations in sensitivity, nonlinearity, or noise immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel gradient-type magnetoelectric (ME) current sensor.
To operate the sensor in magnetic field gradient (MFG) detection and conversion mode.
To evaluate the sensor's performance under various noise conditions.

Main Methods:

Utilized a pair of ME composites in a back-to-back capacitor configuration.
Employed magnetic biasing within an electrically-shielded and mechanically-enclosed housing.
Leveraged the product effect of current-induced MFG and MFG-induced ME effect for sensing.
Calibrated sensor output voltage against cable current for sensitivity determination.

Main Results:

Achieved high current sensitivity ranging from 0.65-12.55 mV/A across 10 Hz-170 kHz.
Demonstrated small input-output nonlinearity (<500 ppm).
Exhibited a small thermal drift (<0.2%/℃) within 0-20 A.
Reported a high common-mode noise rejection rate of 17-28 dB against multisource noises.

Conclusions:

The developed ME current sensor effectively utilizes the current-induced MFG and MFG-induced ME effects.
The sensor exhibits excellent performance characteristics, including high sensitivity, low nonlinearity, and robust noise immunity.
This novel sensor design holds promise for advanced current sensing applications.