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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

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Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
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Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

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Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
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Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

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Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy DIHM of Weakly-scattering Subjects
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Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy DIHM of Weakly-scattering Subjects

Published on: February 8, 2014

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Phase conjugate digital inline holography (PCDIH).

Daniel R Guildenbecher, Kathryn N Gabet Hoffmeister, W Marley Kunzler

    Optics Letters
    |February 15, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Phase conjugate digital inline holography (PCDIH) corrects 3D imaging distortions caused by phase disturbances. This technique uses a phase conjugate signal to remove aberrations, enabling clearer holographic reconstructions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • 3D Imaging Technologies
    • Wave Phenomena

    Background:

    • Digital inline holography (DIH) enables rapid 3D measurements of microscopic objects.
    • Phase distortions in the optical path degrade the quality of DIH reconstructions.
    • Aberrations from phenomena like gas-phase shocks pose challenges for accurate DIH imaging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel phase conjugate digital inline holography (PCDIH) method.
    • To effectively remove phase disturbances and aberrations in DIH.
    • To enhance the fidelity of 3D holographic imaging in the presence of optical distortions.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a phase conjugate mirror using Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing.
    • Generation of a phase conjugate signal that propagates backward through the DIH system.
    • Experimental validation using simulated and real-world phase disturbances, such as gas-phase shocks.

    Main Results:

    • Successful suppression of phase distortions introduced into the DIH system.
    • Restoration of clear, high-resolution 3D images of diffracting objects.
    • Demonstration of PCDIH's capability to overcome limitations of conventional DIH.

    Conclusions:

    • PCDIH is a viable technique for correcting phase-induced aberrations in DIH.
    • The proposed method significantly improves the accuracy and quality of 3D holographic imaging.
    • PCDIH offers a robust solution for applications requiring precise 3D measurements in disturbed optical environments.