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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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Thermal Scanning Conductometry TSC as a General Method for Studying and Controlling the Phase Behavior of Conductive Physical Gels
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Phase-Tunable Josephson Thermal Router.

Giuliano Francesco Timossi1, Antonio Fornieri1, Federico Paolucci1

  • 1NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy.

Nano Letters
|February 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a phase-tunable thermal router using a superconducting quantum interference device (dc SQUID). This device controls heat current distribution at the nanoscale, enabling precise thermal management for microelectronic applications.

Keywords:
Coherent caloritronicsJosephson effectsuperconductivitythermal transport

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Nanoscale thermal transport
  • Quantum electronics

Background:

  • Controlling heat current at the nanoscale is crucial for advanced electronics.
  • Current methods for thermal management are limited, especially at the nanoscale.
  • The development of nanoscale thermal devices is an emerging field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally realize a phase-tunable thermal router.
  • To demonstrate control over the spatial distribution of nanoscale heat currents.
  • To enable tunable electronic temperatures at output terminals.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a direct current superconducting quantum interference device (dc SQUID).
  • Manipulated the coherent component of electronic heat currents via Josephson junctions.
  • Varied external magnetic flux and bath temperature to tune thermal gradients.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated a functional phase-tunable thermal router.
  • Achieved control over the direction and magnitude of thermal gradients.
  • Showcased the ability to tune electronic temperatures of output terminals.

Conclusions:

  • The developed thermal router offers precise energy management capabilities.
  • Opens new avenues for microelectronic devices like coolers and quantum architectures.
  • Advances the field of nanoscale thermal control and thermal logic components.