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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Transcription Initiation01:47

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
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Initiating Events in Direct Cardiomyocyte Reprogramming.

Kimberly Sauls1, Todd M Greco2, Li Wang3

  • 1University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.

Cell Reports
|February 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCM) is key for heart regeneration. Proteomics reveals temporal protein changes driving this fibroblast to iCM transition.

Keywords:
cardiacdirect reprogrammingheartiCMinduced cardiomyocytesquantitative mass spectrometry

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCM) offers potential for cardiac repair and disease modeling.
  • Current limitations in iCM technology stem from an incomplete understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal proteomic landscape during the initial stages of direct iCM reprogramming.
  • To identify key protein pathways and networks involved in fibroblast-to-iCM cell conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics was employed.
  • Global protein abundance changes were analyzed during early iCM reprogramming phases.

Main Results:

  • Significant, time-dependent alterations in protein levels were observed, including extracellular matrix proteins, translation factors, and chromatin-binding proteins.
  • Protein interaction networks were constructed to map the fibroblast-to-iCM transition.
  • Orchestrated temporal protein pathway dynamics were identified during reprogramming initiation.

Conclusions:

  • Direct reprogramming involves a series of temporally regulated steps with dynamic protein abundance changes.
  • These findings provide insights into the molecular machinery governing direct iCM reprogramming.
  • The study lays groundwork for future therapeutic strategies in cardiac regeneration.