Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pyruvate Oxidation01:15

Pyruvate Oxidation

169.5K
After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure that pyruvate can enter the next metabolic pathway so that energy stored in the pyruvate molecules can be harnessed by the cells.
First, the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate and releases it as carbon dioxide. The stripped molecule is then oxidized and releases electrons, which are then picked up by NAD+...
169.5K
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

15.2K
Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
15.2K
Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light02:00

Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light

28.6K
Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides other important cues to regulate a range of developmental and physiological responses in plants.
28.6K
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

8.3K
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
8.3K
Structural Protein Function01:56

Structural Protein Function

30.1K
Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is found throughout the body. In connective tissue, such as skin, ligaments, and tendons, it provides tensile strength and elasticity.  In bones and teeth, it mineralizes to...
30.1K
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

11.2K
Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
11.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Interdependent roles of PKM2 in photoreceptors and RPE: implications for retinal degeneration.

Cell death & disease·2026
Same author

Relationship Between Food Security and Walking for Transportation: Findings by Region and Rurality.

The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association·2026
Same author

PIKfyve preserves endolysosomal function in photoreceptors and RPE cells to maintain retinal integrity.

Cell death & disease·2026
Same author

Mapping the mammalian dark metabolome by <i>in vivo</i> isotope tracing.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Cell-Type-Dependent Metabolic Compensation Preserves Photoreceptor Survival Through Pyruvate Kinase Isoform Balance.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·2026
Same author

An siRNA targeting <i>S6k1</i> identifies photoreceptor phospholipid metabolism as a contributor to lipid buildup in age-related macular degeneration.

Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes
15:43

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes

Published on: January 7, 2013

18.7K

Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates photoreceptor structure, function, and viability.

Ammaji Rajala1,2, Yuhong Wang1,2, Richard S Brush1,2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.

Cell Death & Disease
|February 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) deletion in mouse retinas impaired rod function and caused degeneration. PKM2

More Related Videos

A Simple Method to Identify Kinases That Regulate Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency by High-throughput Inhibitor Screening
07:18

A Simple Method to Identify Kinases That Regulate Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency by High-throughput Inhibitor Screening

Published on: May 12, 2017

6.8K
In Vivo Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Structure, Function, Perfusion and Viability Using Cardiac Micro-computed Tomography
08:13

In Vivo Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Structure, Function, Perfusion and Viability Using Cardiac Micro-computed Tomography

Published on: February 16, 2016

20.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes
15:43

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes

Published on: January 7, 2013

18.7K
A Simple Method to Identify Kinases That Regulate Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency by High-throughput Inhibitor Screening
07:18

A Simple Method to Identify Kinases That Regulate Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency by High-throughput Inhibitor Screening

Published on: May 12, 2017

6.8K
In Vivo Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Structure, Function, Perfusion and Viability Using Cardiac Micro-computed Tomography
08:13

In Vivo Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Structure, Function, Perfusion and Viability Using Cardiac Micro-computed Tomography

Published on: February 16, 2016

20.2K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a glycolytic enzyme implicated in cancer metabolism and gene regulation.
  • PKM2 is present in mouse retinal photoreceptor cells.
  • The specific roles of PKM2 in retinal cells are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of PKM2 in mouse rod photoreceptors.
  • To determine the impact of PKM2 deletion on retinal metabolism, structure, and function.

Main Methods:

  • Conditional deletion of PKM2 in rod photoreceptors (rod-cre PKM2-KO) in mice.
  • Metabolic flux analysis using U-13C glucose.
  • Assessment of photoreceptor function, outer segment thickness, protein expression, and cell death (TUNEL staining).
  • In vitro analysis of PKM2's transcriptional activity.

Main Results:

  • PKM2 deletion led to increased PKM1 expression and accumulation of glycolytic intermediates in retinas.
  • Aged rod-cre PKM2-KO mice exhibited significant loss of rod function, reduced photoreceptor outer segment thickness, and decreased photoreceptor protein expression.
  • Retinas from KO mice showed increased cell death, indicating retinal degeneration.
  • In vitro studies demonstrated PKM2's role in regulating the PDE6β promoter.

Conclusions:

  • PKM2 plays a critical role in maintaining photoreceptor structure, function, and viability.
  • Both metabolic and transcriptional functions of PKM2 are important for retinal health.
  • PKM2's functions may be relevant to understanding retinal degeneration and developing therapeutic strategies.