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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Electromotive Force02:36

Electromotive Force

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Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
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Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces03:00

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

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Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Force01:06

Force

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Forces affect every moment of our life. Our bodies are held to the Earth by force, and they are held together by the forces of charged particles. When we open a door, walk down a street, lift a fork, or touch a baby's face, we are applying force. Our body's atoms are held together by electrical forces, and the core of an atom, called the nucleus, is held together by the strongest force known to us—nuclear force.
The study of motion is called kinematics, but kinematics only...
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Traction Force Microscopy to Study B Lymphocyte Activation
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Traction Force Microscopy to Study B Lymphocyte Activation

Published on: July 23, 2020

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Holographic Traction Force Microscopy.

Stanislaw Makarchuk1, Nicolas Beyer1, Christian Gaiddon2

  • 1Université de Strasbourg, IPCMS/CNRS, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg, 67034, France.

Scientific Reports
|February 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces holographic tracking microscopy for Traction Force Microscopy (TFM), achieving nanometer resolution in cell force measurements. This advancement improves accuracy in analyzing cell adhesion forces on soft substrates.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Microscopy Techniques

Background:

  • Traction Force Microscopy (TFM) quantifies forces cells exert on substrates by measuring deformations.
  • Current TFM methods using fluorescent microscopy are limited by photon detection accuracy.
  • Accurate measurement of cell-generated forces is crucial for understanding cell mechanics and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel TFM technique using holographic tracking microscopy for enhanced force measurement resolution.
  • To assess the feasibility and resolution limits of holographic tracking in TFM.
  • To measure 3D force fields exerted by colorectal cancer cells.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented holographic tracking microscopy to detect probe particle displacements in a deformable substrate.
  • Dispersed colloidal particles within a polyacrylamide gel substrate.
  • Monitored particle displacements to calculate cell-exerted forces.

Main Results:

  • Achieved nanometer-scale resolution in measuring particle displacements.
  • Determined the optimal volume fraction of markers for substrate detection.
  • Successfully measured 3D force fields from colorectal cancer cells.

Conclusions:

  • Holographic tracking microscopy offers a significant improvement in TFM accuracy and resolution.
  • The technique is experimentally validated and applicable to studying cell forces.
  • This method provides a new tool for investigating cellular mechanics in various biological contexts.