Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

14.4K
Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
14.4K
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

52.6K
Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
52.6K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

17.0K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
17.0K
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

28.2K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
28.2K
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

2.1K
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
2.1K
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

490
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
490

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Combined diet and physical activity effects on health-related outcomes in people with overweight or obesity: an overview of systematic reviews.

Frontiers in nutrition·2026
Same author

Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in the MEDIET4ALL Study: Associations with Mediterranean Lifestyle, Sleep, and Psychosocial Well-Being, with Mediation Analyses.

Sports (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Cross-country variability in Mediterranean lifestyle adherence and its psychosocial and behavioural correlates: insights from the MEDIET4ALL project across 10 Mediterranean and neighboring countries.

Frontiers in nutrition·2026
Same author

Multifactorial determinants of health status: insights from the MEDIET4ALL large-scale survey on eco-sociodemographic, psychological, and lifestyle (diet, physical activity, and sleep) factors.

Frontiers in public health·2026
Same author

Correction: Acute effects of beetroot juice vs. creatine supplementation on maximal strength, autonomic regulation, and muscle oxygenation during incremental resistance exercise.

Biology of sport·2026
Same author

How Harassment Shapes Self-Perception and Well-Being in Social VR: Evidence from a Controlled Lab Study.

IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics·2026
Same journal

Role of AQP4 in ameliorating heat stress-induced cellular injury in a cell line model through active heat acclimation.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Correction: Cognitive state monitoring for neuroadaptive information visualization.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2026
Same journal

The synthetic self-hypothesis: dopaminergic redirection through self-face recognition in stuttering therapy.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2026
Same journal

A randomised, placebo-controlled, triple-blind clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> extract EGb 761<sup>®</sup> in cognitive impairment associated with post COVID-19 syndrome-the EGb COCOS protocol.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Examining the independent and combined effects of autistic and ADHD traits on multisensory integration.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Prediction of hormone receptor status in breast cancer brain metastases using an MRI-based multimodal deep learning framework.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Aging on Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Learning
06:03

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Aging on Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Learning

Published on: February 16, 2024

3.0K

Post-task Effects on EEG Brain Activity Differ for Various Differential Learning and Contextual Interference

Diana Henz1, Alexander John1, Christian Merz1

  • 1Institute of Sport Science, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|February 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Variable practice, including contextual interference (CI) and differential learning (DL), enhances motor learning. This study reveals distinct brain activation patterns using electroencephalography (EEG) for CI, DL, and repetitive learning, indicating varied neural processes.

Keywords:
EEGcontextual interferencedifferential learningmotor learningrepetitive learning

More Related Videos

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG
08:20

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Published on: May 3, 2017

8.3K
Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

11.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Aging on Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Learning
06:03

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Aging on Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Learning

Published on: February 16, 2024

3.0K
A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG
08:20

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Published on: May 3, 2017

8.3K
Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

11.0K

Area of Science:

  • Motor Learning
  • Neuroscience
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Variable practice generally leads to superior motor learning compared to repetitive practice.
  • Contextual interference (CI) and differential learning (DL) are key variable practice strategies.
  • Previous research suggests different learning mechanisms underlie CI and DL.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate immediate post-task electroencephalographic (EEG) brain activation patterns following CI and DL protocols.
  • To reveal the neural processes involved in the early stages of motor consolidation.
  • To compare the effects of gradual DL and chaotic DL, differing in fluctuation levels.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-two participants performed badminton serves using within-subjects design across four practice conditions: CI, gradual DL, chaotic DL, and repetitive learning.
  • Spontaneous EEG activity was recorded from 19 electrodes before and immediately after each 20-minute practice session.
  • Analysis focused on changes in EEG power across different frequency bands (theta, alpha, beta, gamma) and brain regions.

Main Results:

  • Distinct EEG patterns emerged for CI, DL, and repetitive learning.
  • Both DL conditions showed increased theta and alpha power in somatosensory regions compared to CI and repetitive learning.
  • Chaotic DL exhibited increased theta and alpha activity in motor areas compared to gradual DL and CI.
  • CI led to increased beta and gamma activity in anterior brain areas, while repetitive learning showed increased alpha activity in occipital areas.

Conclusions:

  • DL appears to stimulate the somatosensory and motor systems more extensively than repetitive learning, engaging broader cortical regions.
  • CI seems to specifically engage executive control processes in anterior brain regions.
  • Post-training EEG patterns provide evidence for distinct neural underpinnings of CI, DL, and repetitive learning during early motor consolidation.