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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

52.4K
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
52.4K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.5K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Optogenetic Phase Transition of TDP-43 in Spinal Motor Neurons of Zebrafish Larvae
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Optogenetic Phase Transition of TDP-43 in Spinal Motor Neurons of Zebrafish Larvae

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Dynamical quantum phase transitions: a review.

Markus Heyl1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany.

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|February 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explore dynamical quantum phase transitions, a new framework for understanding nonequilibrium quantum states. This theory extends phase transition concepts to real-time quantum evolution, offering insights beyond equilibrium physics.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Physics
  • Many-Body Systems
  • Quantum Information

Background:

  • Quantum theory excels at describing equilibrium properties of quantum matter.
  • Quantum simulators enable the creation of quantum states beyond equilibrium.
  • Characterizing nonequilibrium quantum dynamics presents significant theoretical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce the theory of dynamical quantum phase transitions (DQPTs).
  • Define DQPTs as phase transitions occurring in time.
  • Provide a pedagogical overview of theoretical and experimental advances in DQPTs.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on closed quantum many-body systems in a nonequilibrium setting.
  • Define DQPTs by nonanalytic behavior of physical quantities at critical times.
  • Review theoretical frameworks and experimental observations.

Main Results:

  • DQPTs offer a way to identify general principles in nonequilibrium quantum dynamics.
  • Physical quantities can exhibit nonanalytic behavior at critical points in time.
  • Theoretical advances and initial experimental observations have been summarized.

Conclusions:

  • DQPTs extend the concept of phase transitions to real-time quantum evolution.
  • This field holds promise for understanding quantum states beyond equilibrium.
  • Open questions and future research directions are highlighted.