Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electric Potential and Potential Difference01:16

Electric Potential and Potential Difference

5.8K
Suppose a positive test charge moves away from a positive static charge, then the Coulomb force does positive work, and its electric potential energy decreases. The potential energy per unit charge is defined as the electric potential. The electric potential is independent of the test charge.
When a test charge moves from the initial to the final position, the electric potential difference between those positions is defined as the ratio of the change in the potential energy to the charge on the...
5.8K
Difference from Background: Limit of Detection01:05

Difference from Background: Limit of Detection

8.5K
The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the concentration at which the analyte signal is three times larger than the standard deviation of the blank signal. Below this value, the analyte signal cannot be differentiated from the background noise. It is calculated by dividing the calibration slope by 3 times the standard deviation of the blank signals.
The LOD indicates the presence or absence...
8.5K
Identifying Statistically Significant Differences: The F-Test01:14

Identifying Statistically Significant Differences: The F-Test

3.9K
The F-test is used to compare two sample variances to each other or compare the sample variance to the population variance. It is used to decide whether an indeterminate error can explain the difference in their values. The underlying assumptions that allow the use of the F-test include the data set or sets are normally distributed, and the data sets are independent of each other. The test statistic F is calculated by dividing one variance by another. In other words, the square of one standard...
3.9K
Sum and Difference OpAmps01:22

Sum and Difference OpAmps

1.4K
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile devices that extend beyond amplification. In this context, two specific op-amp configurations are explored: the summing and difference amplifiers.
A summing amplifier, or an adder, utilizes an op-amp to merge multiple input signals into a single output signal. When audio signals are introduced into its input channels, the input resistors initiate currents that traverse feedback resistors, resulting in an output voltage. Applying Kirchhoff's current...
1.4K
Difference Equation Solution using z-Transform01:24

Difference Equation Solution using z-Transform

655
The z-transform is a powerful tool for analyzing practical discrete-time systems, often represented by linear difference equations. Solving a higher-order difference equation requires knowledge of the input signal and the initial conditions up to one term less than the order of the equation.
The z-transform facilitates handling delayed signals by shifting the signal in the z-domain, which corresponds to delaying the signal in the time domain, and advancing signals by similarly shifting in the...
655
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

8.7K
Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
8.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tumor Size Does Not Affect Survival Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Resection for a Single Hepatocellular Carcinoma Without Microscopic Vascular Invasion in the Modern Era of Antiviral Therapy.

Digestive diseases and sciences·2025
Same author

Usefulness of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Evaluating Acute Cellular Rejection and Monitoring Treatment Response in Liver Transplant Recipients.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2024
Same author

Patients undergoing liver resection for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma and those for viral hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma have similar survival outcomes.

Updates in surgery·2024
Same author

Immune Responses to Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies during Pre-Liver Transplantation Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Recipients Associated with Post-Liver Transplantation Allograft Injury.

Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland)·2024
Same author

Prognostic impact of cortactin in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer and its role for tegafur-uracil maintenance after adjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

American journal of cancer research·2023
Same author

Tumor necrosis as a predictor of early tumor recurrence after resection in patients with hepatoma.

PloS one·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Quantification of Monocyte Chemotactic Activity In Vivo and Characterization of Blood Monocyte Derived Macrophages
09:57

Quantification of Monocyte Chemotactic Activity In Vivo and Characterization of Blood Monocyte Derived Macrophages

Published on: August 12, 2019

10.1K

Differences in TLR7/8 activation between monocytes and macrophages.

Hock-Liew Eng1, Yuan-Ying Hsu1, Tsun-Mei Lin2

  • 1Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|February 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) activation differs between monocytes and macrophages. TLR8 agonists activate key immune pathways, while TLR7 agonists show varied effects, impacting cytokine production differently in these cells.

Keywords:
Immune modulationMacrophagesMonocytesTLR7TLR8

More Related Videos

Culture of Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Differentiated Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages
06:46

Culture of Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Differentiated Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages

Published on: June 30, 2016

31.1K
Reprograming Model of Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages for In-vitro Assays
08:37

Reprograming Model of Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages for In-vitro Assays

Published on: April 18, 2025

1.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Quantification of Monocyte Chemotactic Activity In Vivo and Characterization of Blood Monocyte Derived Macrophages
09:57

Quantification of Monocyte Chemotactic Activity In Vivo and Characterization of Blood Monocyte Derived Macrophages

Published on: August 12, 2019

10.1K
Culture of Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Differentiated Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages
06:46

Culture of Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Differentiated Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages

Published on: June 30, 2016

31.1K
Reprograming Model of Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages for In-vitro Assays
08:37

Reprograming Model of Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages for In-vitro Assays

Published on: April 18, 2025

1.1K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Single-stranded RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) triggers NF-κB-mediated cytokine and type I interferon production.
  • The specific roles of TLR7/8 activation in monocytes versus macrophages remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and delineate the differential activation patterns of TLR7 and TLR8 signaling pathways in human monocytes and macrophages.
  • To compare the cellular responses, including cytokine production and pathway activation, between monocytes and macrophages upon TLR7/8 stimulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized microarray analysis, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), and flow cytometry to analyze TLR7/8 signaling.
  • Stimulated THP-1 cells (monocyte precursor) and primary macrophages with specific TLR7 and TLR8 agonists.
  • Assessed NF-κB and Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) pathway activation, as well as cytokine mRNA levels.

Main Results:

  • TLR8 agonists activated NF-κB and IRF pathways in THP-1 cells, whereas TLR7 agonists did not elicit a significant response.
  • Modulated TLR7 and TLR8 expression influenced TLR7-induced NF-κB activation in monocytes.
  • Both TLR7 and TLR8 agonists induced NF-κB activation but not an Interferon-Stimulated Gene (ISG) response in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells.
  • Macrophages exhibited elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels compared to monocytes following CL075 (TLR7/8 agonist) stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • TLR7 and TLR8 signaling pathways exhibit distinct activation profiles in monocytes and macrophages.
  • These receptors may differentially modulate immune responses, with macrophages showing a more pronounced pro-inflammatory cytokine response.
  • Understanding these cell-type-specific differences is crucial for comprehending innate immune responses to RNA ligands.