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Related Concept Videos

Reinforcement01:23

Reinforcement

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Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
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Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

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The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
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Reinforcement Schedules01:24

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Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
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Reinforcements in Concrete01:25

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Reinforced concrete is a composite material used extensively in construction, combining the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile strength of steel. This synergy is essential as concrete, while excellent at resisting compression, is weak under tension. Steel bars, or rebars, are embedded in the concrete to handle these tensile forces. The choice of steel is strategic; it shares a similar coefficient of thermal expansion with concrete, which ensures uniformity in response to...
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Fiber Reinforced Concrete01:22

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Fiber-reinforced concrete significantly enhances the structural and nonstructural properties of traditional concrete by incorporating fibers like steel, glass, and polymers. These fibers, varying from natural ones such as sisal and cellulose to manufactured ones like polypropylene and Kevlar, are mixed into hydraulic cement with aggregates. Steel fibers, often preferred for their robustness, contribute to improved ductility, toughness, and post-cracking performance. The concrete is classified...
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Reinforced Brick Masonry01:15

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Reinforced brick masonry is an advanced construction technique that enhances the structural integrity of brick walls by incorporating steel reinforcements. These reinforcements are either placed within the hollow cores of bricks or sandwiched between two layers of masonry, known as wythes, and are then secured in place with grout. Grout is a fluid mixture composed of Portland cement, aggregate, and water, providing the necessary bonding agent for the steel and brick.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer Treatment of Complete Dentures to Inhibit Denture Plaque Deposition
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Zirconia-Reinforced Framework for Maxillary Complete Dentures.

Hirotaka Nishiyama, Shinpei Tanaka, Reina Nemoto

    The International Journal of Prosthodontics
    |February 16, 2018
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    Summary

    Newly developed zirconia complete dentures (ZrD) show no fractures and comparable patient satisfaction to conventional dentures (CD) after 2 years. This offers a promising alternative prosthetic treatment for edentulous patients.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomaterials Science
    • Dental Prosthetics
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Conventional complete dentures (CD) have limitations in durability and aesthetics.
    • Advancements in materials science offer potential for improved prosthetic solutions.
    • Zirconia-based materials are being explored for enhanced dental applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce and evaluate a novel zirconia complete denture (ZrD) with a nano-composite framework.
    • To compare the clinical performance and patient satisfaction of ZrD versus CD.
    • To assess the durability and patient-reported outcomes of ZrD in edentulous patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of ZrD using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) with a ceria-stabilized zirconia/alumina nano-composite framework.
    • Clinical evaluation of 29 edentulous patients receiving either ZrD (n=10) or CD (n=19).
    • Patient satisfaction assessed using the McGill Denture Satisfaction Instrument pre-treatment and at 12 months post-placement.

    Main Results:

    • No denture fractures were observed in either the ZrD or CD group during follow-up periods up to 2 years.
    • All measured aspects of patient satisfaction demonstrated improvement from baseline in both groups.
    • No statistically significant differences in patient satisfaction were found between the ZrD and CD groups.

    Conclusions:

    • Maxillary complete dentures featuring nano-zirconia frameworks represent a viable alternative prosthetic treatment option.
    • ZrD demonstrates comparable durability and patient satisfaction to conventional dentures.
    • Further research may validate ZrD as a long-term solution for edentulous patients.