Sex Differences in Ischemic Heart Disease: Advances, Obstacles, and Next Steps

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Women's Health
• Health Disparities

Background:

• Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in US women.
• Despite advances, significant disparities in IHD burden persist among women, particularly those from disadvantaged social groups.
• Underrepresentation of women in research contributes to unfavorable impacts on IHD diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize contemporary trends in women's IHD.
• To characterize current sex-specific outcome disparities.
• To propose solutions for improving IHD clinical care and research in women.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on sex-specific IHD.
• Analysis of disparities based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education.
• Identification of challenges and proposed strategies for improvement.

Main Results:

• Knowledge of sex-specific IHD factors has improved outcomes, yet disparities remain.
• Multifactorial causes of disparities include risk factor prevalence, healthcare access, and social determinants.
• Lack of awareness and knowledge gaps regarding sex-specific IHD further exacerbate outcome differences.

Conclusions:

• There is a critical need for sex- and gender-specific strategies to enhance cardiovascular outcomes in women.
• Addressing disparities requires a comprehensive approach targeting research, clinical care, and public awareness.
• Implementing tailored interventions is essential for improving the full spectrum of IHD care for women.