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The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...
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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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The dynamic modulus of elasticity assesses how a concrete structure deforms under impact or dynamic loads. It is typically higher than the static modulus of elasticity, measured under slow, steady loading conditions.
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The fineness modulus (FM) of aggregate is a numerical index that measures the coarseness or fineness of the particles. It is calculated by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging
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The elastic modulus for maize stems.

Loay Al-Zube1,2, Wenhuan Sun1, Daniel Robertson3

  • 11Division of Engineering, New York University-Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

Plant Methods
|February 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers measured the modulus of elasticity in maize stalks using bending, compression, and tensile tests. Bending tests offered the most repeatable and least labor-intensive method for determining stalk stiffness.

Keywords:
BendingCompressionMaizeModulusStalk lodgingTension

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Plant Biomechanics

Background:

  • Stalk lodging in maize and sorghum presents significant production challenges.
  • Accurate mechanical property characterization is crucial for understanding plant structural integrity.
  • The modulus of elasticity is a key parameter for analyzing stalk bending and structural stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure the modulus of elasticity in dry, mature maize rind tissues.
  • To evaluate three distinct loading modes: bending, compression, and tensile.
  • To determine the accuracy and reliability of each testing method for elastic modulus determination.

Main Methods:

  • Maize rind tissues were subjected to three different mechanical loading conditions: bending, compression, and tensile.
  • The modulus of elasticity was calculated for each loading mode.
  • Repeatability and labor intensity of each method were assessed.

Main Results:

  • All three testing modes yielded comparable modulus of elasticity values, ranging from 6 to 16 GPa.
  • High repeatability (variation < 5%) was observed across all testing modes.
  • Internodal tissues exhibited a significantly higher modulus of elasticity than combined nodal and internodal tissues, indicating spatial variation.

Conclusions:

  • Bending tests are recommended as the least labor-intensive method with superior test-to-test repeatability for aggregate stiffness.
  • Compression tests allow for localized modulus measurements but require more sample preparation and time.
  • Tensile tests provide highly focused measurements but involve the longest sample preparation duration.