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Related Concept Videos

Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary Distribution01:28

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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

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Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Jessica K Dyson1, Ulrich Beuers2, David E J Jones1

  • 1Department of Hepatology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.

Lancet (London, England)
|February 18, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare liver disease causing bile duct fibrosis and dysfunction. Current treatments lack proven survival benefits, highlighting the need for new therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, rare cholestatic liver disease characterized by bile duct fibrosis and stricturing.
  • It leads to impaired bile flow, progressive liver dysfunction, and potential complications like portal hypertension.
  • The etiology involves genetic, environmental, and increasingly recognized intestinal microbiome factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of primary sclerosing cholangitis.
  • To highlight diagnostic criteria, associated conditions, and management challenges.
  • To underscore the unmet need for effective treatments and early malignancy detection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on primary sclerosing cholangitis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic markers, including liver biochemistry and cholangiography.
  • Examination of pathogenetic roles of genetic and environmental factors, including the gut microbiome.

Main Results:

  • Diagnostic hallmarks include cholestatic liver biochemistry and bile duct stricturing.
  • A high comorbidity rate (approx. 70%) exists with inflammatory bowel disease, necessitating surveillance.
  • Increased risk of malignancy, particularly cholangiocarcinoma, requires improved early detection strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Primary sclerosing cholangitis presents diagnostic challenges and significant management hurdles.
  • No drug has demonstrated improved transplant-free survival, and recurrence post-transplantation is common.
  • Further research into pathogenesis and targeted therapies is crucial for improving patient outcomes.