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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

16
Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

15
Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
18
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

19
Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Kupffer Cell Isolation for Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing
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Toxicity Assessment in the Nanoparticle Era.

Valeria De Matteis1, Rosaria Rinaldi2

  • 1Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy. valeria.dematteis@unisalento.it.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|February 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Engineered nanomaterials are widely used, but their toxicity is not well understood. This study reviews nanoparticle properties, entry into organisms, and cellular toxicity mechanisms to improve risk assessment for human safety.

Keywords:
BiodistributionCytotoxicityIn vitro and In vivo studiesNanotoxicityPhysico-chemical properties

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotoxicology
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have diverse applications in medicine, agriculture, and cosmetics.
  • There's a significant gap between the growing use of nanoparticles and their toxicity assessment.
  • Understanding ENM toxicity is crucial for developing human safety strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the physico-chemical properties of commonly used nanoparticles.
  • To investigate the mechanisms by which nanoparticles enter living organisms.
  • To examine cytotoxicity mechanisms at the cellular level.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles.
  • Analysis of nanoparticle uptake pathways in biological systems.
  • Examination of cellular toxicity mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Detailed analysis of key nanoparticle properties influencing biological interactions.
  • Identification of major routes for nanoparticle entry into organisms.
  • Elucidation of cellular-level toxicity pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Current risk assessment for nanoparticles is insufficient given their widespread applications.
  • Further research into ENM properties, uptake, and toxicity is essential.
  • Developing robust safety strategies requires a comprehensive understanding of nanotoxicology.