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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a relationship between the variables. A clear direction happens when there is either:
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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Bringing diffuse X-ray scattering into focus.

Michael E Wall1, Alexander M Wolff2, James S Fraser3

  • 1Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|February 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

X-ray crystallography now uses diffuse scattering to reveal protein motions. This method analyzes structure variations, moving beyond average structures for atomic-level insights into protein dynamics.

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Combining X-Ray Crystallography with Small Angle X-Ray Scattering to Model Unstructured Regions of Nsa1 from S. Cerevisiae
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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • X-ray crystallography is a key technique for determining protein structures.
  • Traditional Bragg analysis provides only the average protein structure.
  • Protein conformational ensembles and dynamics are crucial for function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of diffuse scattering in X-ray crystallography.
  • To understand the origins and applications of diffuse scattering in protein studies.
  • To leverage diffuse scattering for modeling protein motions at atomic resolution.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of diffuse scattering in macromolecular crystallography data.
  • Investigating structure variations beyond the mean structure.
  • Developing models for protein dynamics based on diffuse scattering.

Main Results:

  • Diffuse scattering provides insights into protein conformational variations.
  • This technique complements traditional Bragg analysis.
  • Recent studies illuminate the origins of diffuse scattering in protein crystallography.

Conclusions:

  • Diffuse scattering is a powerful tool for studying protein dynamics.
  • It offers a path to model protein motions with atomic detail.
  • X-ray crystallography is advancing through the analysis of diffuse scattering.