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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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A variable, usually notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic or measurement that can be determined for each member of a population. Data are the actual values of variables. They may be numbers, or they may be words. Datum is a single value.
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How Data are Classified: Numerical Data00:59

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Data that are countable or measurable in specific units are called numerical or quantitative data. Quantitative data are always numbers. Quantitative data are the result of counting or measuring the attributes of a population. Amount of money, pulse rate, weight, number of people living in a town, and number of students who opt for statistics are examples of quantitative data.
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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
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Third generation EGFR TKIs: current data and future directions.

Chee-Seng Tan1, Nesaretnam Barr Kumarakulasinghe1, Yi-Qing Huang1

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This summary is machine-generated.

Acquired T790M mutations cause resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with EGFR TKIs. Third-generation EGFR TKIs like Osimertinib show promise but face acquired resistance, necessitating new treatment strategies.

Keywords:
FLAURAOsimertinibResistance mechanismSequencingT790 MThird generation EGFR TKI

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Acquired T790M mutations are the primary cause of resistance in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutations after first-line EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy.
  • Third-generation EGFR TKIs, designed for EGFR mutant selectivity and wild-type sparing, are developed to overcome T790M-mediated resistance.
  • Osimertinib represents a leading third-generation EGFR TKI in clinical development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of acquired resistance to third-generation EGFR TKIs in NSCLC.
  • To discuss emerging treatment options for patients who progress on third-generation EGFR TKIs.
  • To highlight the potential of Osimertinib as a first-line treatment based on FLAURA study findings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of acquired resistance mechanisms to EGFR TKIs in NSCLC.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data, including the FLAURA study for Osimertinib.
  • Discussion of ongoing research into novel therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • The C797S mutation in exon 20 is identified as a common mechanism of acquired resistance to third-generation EGFR TKIs.
  • Despite initial efficacy, acquired resistance necessitates the development of novel treatment approaches.
  • The FLAURA study demonstrated improved progression-free survival with Osimertinib compared to first-generation EGFR TKIs in the first-line setting.

Conclusions:

  • Acquired resistance, particularly C797S mutations, remains a significant challenge in EGFR-mutant NSCLC treatment.
  • Novel therapies are under development for patients resistant to third-generation EGFR TKIs.
  • Osimertinib is poised to become a new standard of care for first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC.