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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes
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Catalytically Active Single-Chain Polymeric Nanoparticles: Exploring Their Functions in Complex Biological Media.

Yiliu Liu1, Sílvia Pujals2, Patrick J M Stals1

  • 1Laboratory for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamic single-chain polymeric nanoparticles (SCPNs) are non-toxic and shield cellular compartments. These bioinspired catalysts show potential for targeted cancer therapy by generating singlet oxygen and cleaving protective groups on drugs within cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer chemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical engineering

Background:

  • Dynamic single-chain polymeric nanoparticles (SCPNs) are bioinspired nanostructures formed by folding individual polymer chains.
  • SCPNs offer potential for intracellular applications due to their unique architecture and tunable properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the behavior and catalytic functions of dynamic SCPNs within living cells.
  • To evaluate SCPNs as catalysts for drug uncaging in cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Developed selective cellular delivery strategies for SCPNs.
  • Assessed SCPN biocompatibility using live/dead tests.
  • Utilized spectral imaging to study SCPN interactions within cells.
  • Investigated SCPN-mediated reactive oxygen species generation and catalytic carbamate cleavage reactions.

Main Results:

  • SCPNs demonstrated biocompatibility and provided structural shielding within cellular compartments.
  • Porphyrin-functionalized SCPNs generated singlet oxygen upon light irradiation, inducing controlled cell death.
  • Cu(I)- and Pd(II)-based SCPNs catalyzed carbamate cleavage, with performance influenced by the biological environment.
  • Cu(I)-SCPNs with a specific protective group showed optimal catalytic activity in vitro and in cells.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic SCPNs are non-toxic and suitable for intracellular delivery.
  • SCPNs can be engineered as light-activated cytotoxic agents.
  • SCPNs exhibit catalytic activity for drug uncaging, with potential for catalysis-based cancer therapy.
  • Optimized SCPN-catalyst-protecting group combinations show promise for biomedical applications.