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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

134.7K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

15.2K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.2K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.2K
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

5.9K
Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
5.9K
IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

1.9K
The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...
1.9K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.9K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
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The ASACUSA antihydrogen and hydrogen program: results and prospects.

C Malbrunot1,2, C Amsler2, S Arguedas Cuendis2

  • 1Experimental Physics Department, CERN, Genève 23, 1211, Switzerland chloe.m@cern.ch.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|February 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers measured antihydrogen

Keywords:
Standard Model Extensionantihydrogenatomic beamhyperfine spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic Physics
  • Antimatter Research
  • High-Energy Physics

Background:

  • The ASACUSA-CUSP collaboration aims to measure the hyperfine splitting of antihydrogen.
  • Detecting cold antihydrogen in a magnetic field-free region was a key milestone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure the ground-state hyperfine splitting of antihydrogen.
  • To perform precision measurements of hydrogen hyperfine splitting for CPT and Lorentz violation tests.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing an atomic spectroscopy beamline at CERN's Antiproton Decelerator.
  • Testing the beamline with a hydrogen source for calibration and precision measurements.
  • Conducting the first antihydrogen quantum state scan.

Main Results:

  • Successfully detected 80 antihydrogen atoms, marking the first observation of cold antihydrogen in a field-free region.
  • Achieved a relative precision of 2.7×10⁻⁹ for hydrogen hyperfine splitting, the most precise beam measurement to date.
  • Realized the first antihydrogen quantum state scan at the spectroscopy apparatus entrance.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents the first antihydrogen quantum state scan and discusses prospects for ppm-level measurements.
  • Precision measurements of hydrogen pave the way for more sensitive tests of fundamental symmetries using antihydrogen.