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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology
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R0: Host Longevity Matters.

L M Viljoen1, L Hemerik2, J Molenaar3

  • 1Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, North West University, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa.

Acta Biotheoretica
|February 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathogen survival strategies depend on host longevity and contact rates. Long-lived hosts favor slow reproduction (milker strategy), while short-lived hosts favor rapid reproduction (killer strategy).

Keywords:
Duration of infectionEpidemiologyFitness strategyHost longevityR 0milker–killer dilemma

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology and evolutionary biology
  • Mathematical modeling of infectious diseases

Background:

  • The basic reproduction ratio (R₀) is crucial for understanding epidemic spread.
  • R₀ traditionally assumes a fully susceptible population and doesn't always account for host lifespan.
  • Pathogen evolution is driven by optimizing within-host replication and mutation rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how host longevity influences the basic reproduction ratio (R₀).
  • To determine the optimal pathogen evolutionary strategy (replication vs. mutation rates) considering host lifespan.
  • To identify conditions favoring 'killer' (rapid, short-term) versus 'milker' (slow, long-term) pathogen strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Combined a generic within- and between-host epidemiological model.
  • Analyzed the R₀ indicator as a function of pathogen replication and mutation rates.
  • Investigated the impact of host longevity and host contact rates on pathogen strategy.

Main Results:

  • Host longevity significantly impacts R₀, especially for long-lived hosts and long-lasting infections.
  • Optimal pathogen strategy ([Formula: see text]) is influenced by host longevity and contact rate.
  • A bifurcation line was identified, separating 'killer' and 'milker' strategies based on host longevity and contact rate.

Conclusions:

  • For short host lifespans, a 'killer' strategy (high replication, short duration) is evolutionarily optimal.
  • For very long host lifespans, a 'milker' strategy (slow, sustained replication) is advantageous.
  • Intermediate host lifespans require considering the contact rate to determine the optimal pathogen strategy.