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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
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Fluorescent nanodiamond-bacteriophage conjugates maintain host specificity.

Jimmy T Trinh1,2, Masfer H Alkahtani3,4,5, Isaac Rampersaud6

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering
|February 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) conjugated with bacteriophages for rapid bacterial identification. These novel diagnostic reagents can detect specific bacterial hosts within complex mixtures, offering a promising tool for disease prevention and treatment.

Keywords:
bacteria identificationbacteriophageconjugationfluorescent nanodiamondslive-cell imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Rapid bacterial strain identification is crucial for disease prevention and treatment in clinical, environmental, and food safety contexts.
  • Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) offer excellent imaging properties, surface modifiability, and low toxicity, making them suitable for biomedical applications.
  • Bacteriophages exhibit high specificity for their bacterial hosts, presenting an opportunity for targeted biological detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop bacteriophages conjugated with fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) as stable, fluorescent diagnostic reagents.
  • To create a simple functionalization procedure for FND-phage conjugates.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of these FND-phage conjugates in identifying specific bacterial hosts.

Main Methods:

  • Functionalization of FNDs with streptavidin.
  • Functionalization of bacteriophages with biotin.
  • Conjugation of functionalized FNDs and phages to create fluorescent probes.
  • Testing the specificity of FND-phage conjugates against bacterial mixtures.

Main Results:

  • A straightforward method for creating FND-phage conjugates was successfully developed.
  • The resulting FND-phage conjugates maintained the beneficial properties of both FNDs and phages.
  • The conjugates demonstrated the ability to accurately identify their specific bacterial host within a mixed sample.

Conclusions:

  • Fluorescent nanodiamond-bacteriophage conjugates represent a viable technology for bacterial diagnostics.
  • This approach offers a method for creating long-lived, fluorescent diagnostic reagents with high specificity.
  • Further exploration with diverse phage/bacteria systems, FND types, and labeling strategies could expand applications in bacterial identification and single-cell studies.