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Related Concept Videos

Gene Therapy00:59

Gene Therapy

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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
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Group therapy is a sociocultural approach to psychological treatment, where individuals with shared psychological challenges come together under the guidance of a mental health professional. This therapeutic modality offers unique opportunities for individuals to connect, share, and grow within the context of a supportive group. By fostering mutual understanding and collaboration, group therapy can address a range of psychological concerns effectively, often complementing or surpassing the...
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Behavior therapy incorporates diverse techniques rooted in classical conditioning principles to address maladaptive behaviors and anxiety disorders. These methods aim to reduce avoidance behaviors, foster adaptive coping mechanisms, and alter associations between stimuli and responses, making them effective in a wide range of therapeutic contexts.
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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
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Cognitive Therapy01:25

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Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Evaluation of Cardiac Contractility Modulation Therapy in 2D Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
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T-cell modulation by cyclophosphamide for tumour therapy.

Ellyn Hughes1, Martin Scurr1, Emma Campbell1

  • 1Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.

Immunology
|February 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Low-dose cyclophosphamide, a chemotherapy drug, can enhance anti-tumour T-cell responses. This immune-modulating effect, combined with the microbiota, offers a safe and inexpensive approach to cancer immunotherapy.

Keywords:
T cellscancercyclophosphamideregulatory T cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • T-cell immunotherapies like checkpoint blockade are effective but costly and have side effects.
  • Conventional chemotherapy drugs possess immune-modulating properties.
  • Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapy drug with potential as an immunotherapy agent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immune-modulating effects of cyclophosphamide.
  • To explore its synergy with the microbiota in cancer treatment.
  • To highlight its potential as a safe, inexpensive immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cyclophosphamide's immunomodulatory effects.
  • Analysis of its impact on immune homeostasis and T-cell responses.
  • Examination of its interaction with the gut microbiota.

Main Results:

  • Low-dose cyclophosphamide perturbs immune homeostasis, favoring anti-tumour T-cell responses.
  • Its effects synergize with the microbiota to promote anti-tumour immunity.
  • It offers a potentially safer and more affordable alternative to current immunotherapies.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclophosphamide is a promising immune-modulator for cancer treatment.
  • Its combination with microbiota modulation can enhance anti-tumour immunity.
  • It represents a cost-effective and accessible immunotherapy strategy.