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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups
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Evolution: Vertebrate Limb Control over 420 Million Years.

Sten Grillner1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.

Current Biology : CB
|February 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Neural circuits controlling shark fins and mammal limbs show striking similarities. This suggests the neural basis for limb control evolved over 420 million years ago.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Neural circuits governing fin control in elasmobranchs and limb control in mammals share significant molecular, cellular, and behavioral parallels.
  • These similarities suggest a deep evolutionary history for the neural underpinnings of vertebrate locomotion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary origins of neural control mechanisms for appendages.
  • To compare the neural substrates of fin and limb control across different vertebrate classes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of molecular markers in neural tissues.
  • Cellular-level examination of neural pathways.
  • Behavioral studies of fin and limb movements.

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Related Experiment Videos

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Main Results:

  • Identified conserved molecular and cellular components in the neural circuits of elasmobranch fins and mammalian limbs.
  • Demonstrated functional similarities in the behavioral outputs controlled by these neural circuits.

Conclusions:

  • The neural architecture for appendage control is ancient, predating the divergence of major vertebrate lineages.
  • Suggests that the fundamental neural framework for limb control was established at least 420 million years ago, prior to the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates.