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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Renal function tests are crucial for assessing kidney health, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the kidneys' efficiency in waste elimination, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. These tests offer critical insights into kidney function, even though routine measurements may appear normal until there is a significant decline in the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. Typically, signs of kidney impairment only become evident when the GFR falls to about 50% of its normal level.
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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure
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Maternal thyroid function and child educational attainment: prospective cohort study.

Scott M Nelson1,2, Caroline Haig3, Alex McConnachie3

  • 1School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Room 2.52 Level 2, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK Scott.Nelson@glasgow.ac.uk.

BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
|February 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

First trimester maternal thyroid dysfunction does not significantly impact child academic performance. This study found no clinically important links between early pregnancy thyroid issues and later educational attainment in children.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy is crucial for fetal development.
  • Thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy may affect neurodevelopment and subsequent academic outcomes.
  • Existing research has yielded mixed results on the impact of maternal thyroid status on child educational attainment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between first-trimester maternal thyroid dysfunction and child scholastic performance.
  • To determine if maternal thyroid hormone levels and antibodies in early pregnancy are critical determinants of educational attainment.
  • To assess the relationship between maternal thyroid status and various measures of child academic achievement.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) in the UK.
  • Included 4615 mother-child pairs with first-trimester maternal samples.
  • Assessed maternal free thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies, and linked these to child educational assessments up to age 15.

Main Results:

  • No significant associations were found between first-trimester maternal thyroid hormone levels (free thyroxine, TSH) and child's entry stage assessment scores or Standard Assessment Test (SAT) scores.
  • Maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy showed no clinically meaningful association with the number or grades of General Certificates of Secondary Education (GCSEs) achieved.
  • Children of mothers with diagnosed hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or subclinical hyperthyroidism attained similar educational outcomes as children of mothers with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism).

Conclusions:

  • Maternal thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy is not clinically associated with impaired child scholastic performance or overall educational achievement.
  • The findings suggest that mild thyroid dysfunction in the first trimester may not be a critical determinant of a child's academic success.
  • Further research may explore other potential factors influencing educational outcomes in children of mothers with thyroid conditions.