Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Control Volume and System Representations01:16

Control Volume and System Representations

1.6K
Two key frameworks are employed to analyze mass, energy, and momentum transfer: the control volume approach and the system approach. These frameworks offer different perspectives, depending on whether the focus is on a specific region in space (control volume approach) or a defined mass of fluid (system approach).
The control volume approach considers a stationary region in space through which fluid flows. This region is bounded by a control surface.  For instance, in the case of water...
1.6K
Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

6.3K
The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
6.3K
State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

610
The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
610
Graphical Representation of Inequalities01:28

Graphical Representation of Inequalities

233
The graph of the equation where y equals x squared forms a curve known as a parabola. This curve acts as a boundary in the coordinate plane, dividing it into distinct regions based on the relative position of points.When the equality sign in the equation is replaced with an inequality—such as greater than, less than, greater than or equal to, or less than or equal to—the graphical representation changes from a single curve into a broader shaded area that signifies the set of all...
233
Vector Representation of Complex Numbers01:16

Vector Representation of Complex Numbers

563
Complex numbers, represented in Cartesian coordinates, can also be visualized as vectors. These vectors can be expressed in polar form, emphasizing their magnitude and angle. When a complex number is input into a function, the output is another complex number, highlighting the function's zero point from which the vector representation can originate.
Consider a function defined as the product of the complex factors in the numerator divided by the product of the complex factors in the...
563
Graphical and Analytic Representation of Sinusoids01:20

Graphical and Analytic Representation of Sinusoids

1000
Analyzing two sinusoidal voltages with equal amplitude and period but different phases on an oscilloscope, an instrument used to display and analyze waveforms, involves a three-step process.
The first step is measuring the peak-to-peak value, which is twice the amplitude of the sinusoid. This provides information about the maximum voltage swing of the waveform.
Secondly, the period and angular frequency are determined. The period is the time taken for one complete cycle of the waveform, while...
1000

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Are Isokinetic Torque-Angle Models Derived from Healthy Subjects Applicable to Patients with Upper-Limb Neurological Motor Impairment?

Annals of biomedical engineering·2026
Same author

Effort Generation Capabilites Mapping for Personalized Robotic Assistance of the Elbow.

IEEE ... International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics : [proceedings]·2025
Same author

Evaluation of the static and dynamic assistive torque of a passive upper limb occupational exoskeleton.

Wearable technologies·2025
Same author

Classification of first recovery steps after quiet standing following external perturbation from different directions.

Journal of biomechanics·2025
Same author

Biomechanical requirements of meat cutting tasks: A pilot study quantifying tasks sustainability and assistance required at the wrist.

Applied ergonomics·2023
Same author

Comparison of Two Contact Detection Methods for Ground Reaction Forces and Moment Estimation During Sidestep Cuts, Runs, and Walks.

Journal of biomechanical engineering·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality
08:09

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

Published on: September 3, 2015

11.5K

Low-Dimensional Motor Control Representations in Throwing Motions.

Ana Lucia Cruz Ruiz1,2, Charles Pontonnier1,2,3, Georges Dumont1,2

  • 1INRIA/IRISA/M2S MimeTIC, Rennes, France.

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics
|February 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers found a two-synergy control representation for throwing motions, simplifying complex movements. This discovery aids in understanding and synthesizing dynamic, muscle-driven actions across different individuals and distances.

More Related Videos

Importance of Jumping Ability in Handball Throwing Speed and Accuracy
02:43

Importance of Jumping Ability in Handball Throwing Speed and Accuracy

Published on: April 4, 2025

1.5K
One Dimensional Turing-Like Handshake Test for Motor Intelligence
14:05

One Dimensional Turing-Like Handshake Test for Motor Intelligence

Published on: December 15, 2010

28.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality
08:09

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

Published on: September 3, 2015

11.5K
Importance of Jumping Ability in Handball Throwing Speed and Accuracy
02:43

Importance of Jumping Ability in Handball Throwing Speed and Accuracy

Published on: April 4, 2025

1.5K
One Dimensional Turing-Like Handshake Test for Motor Intelligence
14:05

One Dimensional Turing-Like Handshake Test for Motor Intelligence

Published on: December 15, 2010

28.5K

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control
  • Robotics

Background:

  • Throwing motions involve complex coordination of multiple degrees of freedom.
  • Understanding the underlying control mechanisms is crucial for robotics and human movement analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify a low-dimensional representation of control mechanisms in human throwing motions.
  • To investigate this representation across different subjects and target distances.

Main Methods:

  • Extracted features from muscle activation data using factorization and clustering techniques.
  • Applied the theory of muscle synergies to analyze motor control.
  • Tested two synergy extraction methods for consistency.

Main Results:

  • Identified a consistent, low-dimensional control representation using only two muscle synergies.
  • Demonstrated a reduction in control redundancy for throwing tasks.
  • Found links between synergy intensity and throwing distance.

Conclusions:

  • A two-synergy model effectively represents throwing control across subjects.
  • This representation simplifies complex dynamical motions.
  • Offers potential for synthesizing realistic muscle-driven movements in robotics.