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Related Concept Videos

Travelling Waves01:04

Travelling Waves

7.1K
A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. Mechanical waves are governed by Newton's laws and require a medium to travel. A medium is a substance in which a mechanical wave propagates, and the medium produces an elastic restoring force when it is deformed.
Water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves are some examples of mechanical waves. For water waves, the wave propagation medium is...
7.1K
Traveling Waves: Lossless Lines01:27

Traveling Waves: Lossless Lines

484
The provided content explores the behavior of traveling waves on single-phase lossless transmission lines. It begins with a single-phase two-wire lossless transmission line of length Δx, characterized by a loop inductance LH/m and a line-to-line capacitance C F/m. These parameters result in a series inductance LΔx  and a shunt capacitance CΔx.
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Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

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Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Expression of Exogenous Cytokine in Patient-derived Xenografts via Injection with a Cytokine-transduced Stromal Cell Line
12:58

Expression of Exogenous Cytokine in Patient-derived Xenografts via Injection with a Cytokine-transduced Stromal Cell Line

Published on: May 10, 2017

9.9K

Have Cytokines, Will Travel.

Audrey Baeyens1, Susan R Schwab1

  • 1Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Immunity
|February 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Inflammatory type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) migrate from the intestine to the lungs. This migration is guided by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, challenging the view of ILCs as solely tissue-resident cells.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are typically considered tissue-resident immune cells.
  • Understanding ILCs' tissue residency and migratory capacity is crucial for immune response modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the migratory behavior of inflammatory type 2 ILCs.
  • To identify the molecular mechanisms guiding ILC migration between organs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models to track inflammatory type 2 ILCs.
  • Analyzed ILC migration from the intestine to the lungs.
  • Investigated the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors in ILC trafficking.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that inflammatory type 2 ILCs migrate from the intestine to the lungs.

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Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay
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Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Expression of Exogenous Cytokine in Patient-derived Xenografts via Injection with a Cytokine-transduced Stromal Cell Line
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Expression of Exogenous Cytokine in Patient-derived Xenografts via Injection with a Cytokine-transduced Stromal Cell Line

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Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
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Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay
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  • Confirmed that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors are critical mediators of this inter-organ migration.
  • Challenged the paradigm of ILCs as exclusively tissue-resident.

    • Conclusions:

    • Inflammatory type 2 ILCs exhibit inter-organ migratory capacity.
    • Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling is a key regulator of ILC trafficking.
    • These findings have implications for understanding and manipulating immune responses in inflammatory diseases.