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Rabbit Calvarial Defect Model for Customized 3D-Printed Bone Grafts.

Kang-Gon Lee1, Kang-Sik Lee1, Yu-Jeoung Kang1

  • 11 Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan , Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods
|February 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new rabbit model for testing 3D-printed bone grafts in complex-shaped defects. The model uses an 8-shaped defect created with a 7-mm trephine bur. CT scans helped design a graft that fits the defect accurately. The graft was printed using polycaprolactone. At 16 weeks, new bone formation reached 28.65% ± 8.63%. The graft fit well during implantation. The model may help improve graft accuracy and performance in irregular defects.

Keywords:
3D printinganimal defect modelcustomized bone graftpolycaprolactonerabbit calvaria3D-printed bone graftrabbit calvarial modelcustomized graft fabricationcritical-sized defect

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials in regenerative medicine
  • 3D printing in biomedical applications
  • Animal models in orthopedic research

Background:

Standard bone graft materials face limitations in complex defect shapes, which hinders their clinical utility. Prior research has shown that conventional defect models are insufficient for testing customized grafts. This gap motivated the development of a new model to evaluate 3D-printed grafts. Existing studies lack reproducible models for complex geometries. No prior work had resolved how to create a reliable critical-sized defect (CSD) for such applications. This uncertainty drove the need for a novel approach. The challenge lies in translating graft design to accurate implantation. A reproducible model is essential for validating graft performance. This paper introduces a model that addresses these limitations.

Purpose Of The Study:

The study aimed to develop a complex-shaped bone defect model for evaluating 3D-printed grafts. The specific problem is the lack of suitable models for irregular defects. The motivation is to improve graft accuracy and fit. The model needed to be reproducible and clinically relevant. The 8-shaped defect was chosen to mimic complex geometries. The goal was to test graft fabrication and implantation. The model should support graft customization. The outcome would help validate graft performance in irregular defects.

Main Methods:

The researchers designed an 8-shaped defect on rabbit calvaria using trephine burs. Two bur diameters were tested to determine the CSD. CT scans were used to create a stereolithography file for 3D printing. Polycaprolactone was selected as the graft material. The graft was fabricated using stereolithography data. The defect model was tested for reproducibility. Bone regeneration was measured at 16 weeks. The graft's fit and accuracy were assessed during implantation.

Main Results:

The 7-mm bur successfully created a reproducible CSD in the 8-shaped defect. New bone formation reached 28.65% ± 8.63% at 16 weeks. CT scans enabled precise graft fabrication. The 3D-printed graft matched the defect shape closely. Tolerances were adjusted to improve graft accuracy. The graft fit well during implantation. The model demonstrated potential for clinical use. The results suggest the model is suitable for evaluating customized grafts.

Conclusions:

The 8-shaped defect model may serve as a useful CSD model for 3D-printed grafts. The model allows for graft customization and accurate implantation. The graft's fit was confirmed during surgery. The model supports graft evaluation in complex geometries. The 7-mm bur is recommended for creating the CSD. The model may improve graft performance validation. The findings suggest the model is reproducible and reliable. The model may enhance graft design and manufacturing accuracy.

The model allows for accurate 3D-printed graft fabrication and implantation, with a 28.65% ± 8.63% new bone formation rate at 16 weeks.

The 7-mm bur successfully created a reproducible critical-sized defect, unlike the 5.6-mm bur.

A stereolithography file was generated from CT scans of the defect, and a polycaprolactone graft was printed.

CT scans provided detailed anatomical data to design and fabricate a graft matching the defect shape.

The graft's fit was evaluated during implantation, confirming its ability to match the defect shape.

The model may be useful for evaluating 3D-printed grafts in complex-shaped bone defects.