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Related Concept Videos

Steel Fastening Techniques01:17

Steel Fastening Techniques

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Steel sections can be joined together through various fastening techniques including riveting, bolting, and welding, each suitable for different structural requirements and conditions.
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Steel Manufacturing01:26

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Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
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Structural steel products are created within a structural mill. The process begins with a beam blank that is reheated and then fed through a series of rollers. These rollers progressively shape the metal into its final form. Adjusting the spacings between the rollers allows for the production of different sections with the same nominal dimensions.
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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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Angiogenic patterning by STEEL, an endothelial-enriched long noncoding RNA.

H S Jeffrey Man1,2, Aravin N Sukumar1,2, Gabrielle C Lam3,4

  • 1Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A novel long noncoding RNA, spliced transcript endothelial-enriched lncRNA (STEEL), regulates endothelial cell identity and function. STEEL enhances angiogenesis and vascular integrity by up-regulating eNOS and KLF2.

Keywords:
angiogenesischromatinendotheliumhemodynamicslong noncoding RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Endothelial cells (ECs) possess specific functions defined by protein-coding genes like eNOS.
  • The role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in defining cardiovascular cell-specific phenotypes, particularly in vascular endothelium, remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify EC-enriched lncRNAs.
  • To define the function of a novel lncRNA, spliced transcript endothelial-enriched lncRNA (STEEL), in EC biology.
  • To investigate STEEL's role in angiogenesis, vascular identity, and response to shear stress.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of EC-enriched lncRNAs.
  • In vivo studies using a mouse model to assess microvessel formation.
  • In vitro angiogenesis assays.
  • Analysis of STEEL's molecular mechanisms, including gene expression regulation and protein-protein interactions (e.g., with PARP1).

Main Results:

  • A set of EC-enriched lncRNAs was identified, including STEEL.
  • STEEL enhances the number and integrity of perfused microvessels in vivo and augments angiogenesis in vitro.
  • STEEL is nuclear-enriched, polyadenylated, and shows microvascular predominance.
  • STEEL up-regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) transcriptionally.
  • STEEL interacts with PARP1 to regulate KLF2 promoter activity.

Conclusions:

  • EC-enriched lncRNAs play a role in phenotypic adaptation of ECs to hemodynamic forces.
  • STEEL is a key regulator of EC identity, angiogenesis, and response to shear stress.
  • This study establishes a novel role for lncRNAs in the transcriptional regulation of endothelial cell phenotypes.