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Calcification in atherosclerosis. I. Human studies.

A Tanimura, D H McGregor, H C Anderson

    Journal of Experimental Pathology
    |January 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Early atherosclerotic lesions show calcium deposits in human aortas. These deposits are linked to smooth muscle cell degeneration and originate in matrix vesicles, similar to cartilage calcification.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiovascular Pathology
    • Biomineralization
    • Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Atherosclerosis involves calcium deposition in arterial walls.
    • The precise mechanisms and initial sites of calcification in early atherosclerotic lesions are not fully understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the morphological and cytochemical characteristics of calcium deposition in early human aortic atherosclerotic lesions.
    • To identify the initial sites and cellular associations of calcium accumulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Light microscopy (20 cases) and electron microscopy (10 cases) of human aortas.
    • Special stains for calcium and lipid, including potassium pyroantimonate technique.
    • Cytochemical analysis for alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase.

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    Main Results:

    • Intimal calcium deposits appeared as grains, droplets, or crystals, often near lipid and basal lamina.
    • Medial calcium deposits were granular or droplet-shaped, associated with basal lamina and elastic fibers.
    • Electron microscopy revealed matrix vesicle-like structures containing concentrated calcium, particularly in smooth muscle cells and extracellular spaces.
    • Matrix vesicles showed positive staining for alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase.

    Conclusions:

    • Calcification in human atherosclerosis and aortic media is associated with smooth muscle cell degeneration.
    • Matrix vesicles derived from degraded cells are likely the primary sites for initial calcium deposition.
    • The process shares similarities with osteogenic calcification observed in cartilage.