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Measurement: Standard Units

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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Direct Drug Delivery to Kidney via the Renal Artery

Direct Drug Delivery to Kidney via the Renal Artery

Published on: April 17, 2021

[Standard surgery for small renal masses (<4 cm)].

S K Frees¹, R Mager², H Borgmann²

¹Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland. sebastian.frees@unimedizin-mainz.de.

Der Urologe. Ausg. A

|February 23, 2018

Summary

Minimally invasive partial nephrectomy, including robotic approaches, is increasingly used for small renal masses. These techniques may offer benefits over open surgery, with robotic surgery potentially overcoming laparoscopic disadvantages.

Keywords:

Laparoscopic surgical procedures Minimally invasive surgical procedures Nephrectomy, radical Resection Robotic surgical procedures

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Area of Science:

Urology
Surgical Oncology

Background:

Small renal masses (<4 cm) have new treatment options beyond surgery.
Active surveillance and ablative techniques are available, but patient selection is key.
Nephron-sparing surgery has replaced radical nephrectomy for small renal masses.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the role and outcomes of minimally invasive partial nephrectomy for small renal masses.
To compare minimally invasive techniques with open partial nephrectomy.
To determine the suitability of robotic partial nephrectomy over laparoscopic approaches.

Main Methods:

Review of recent surgical data comparing open, laparoscopic, and robotic partial nephrectomy.
Analysis of outcomes including blood loss, ischemia time, operation duration, and renal function.
Assessment of current guideline recommendations for surgical management.

Main Results:

Minimally invasive partial nephrectomy, particularly robotic, is increasingly adopted.
Robotic partial nephrectomy may mitigate disadvantages associated with laparoscopic techniques, such as prolonged ischemia and renal impairment.
Benefits like reduced blood loss are observed with minimally invasive approaches.

Conclusions:

Minimally invasive partial nephrectomy is a viable alternative to open surgery for small renal masses.
Robotic partial nephrectomy shows promise in overcoming laparoscopic limitations.
Guidelines support these approaches when surgical expertise is available.