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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Murine Corneal Transplantation: A Model to Study the Most Common Form of Solid Organ Transplantation
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Collaborative practice agreement in solid organ transplantation.

Bharath R Ravichandran1, Matthew W Gillespie2, Tracy M Sparkes2

  • 1University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. bravichandran@umm.edu.

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
|February 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A collaborative practice agreement allows pharmacists to optimize medication management for transplant patients, improving clinical care and generating significant cost savings for hospitals. This approach enhances patient safety and financial benefits.

Keywords:
Clinical practiceCollaborative practiceImmunosuppressionSolid organ transplantUnited States

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Health Services Research
  • Transplant Medicine

Background:

  • Solid organ transplant recipients require complex, multidisciplinary care.
  • A collaborative practice agreement (CPA) was implemented between physicians and pharmacists to enhance medication safety.
  • Credentialed pharmacists gained authority for medication initiation and adjustment post-multidisciplinary rounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical and financial impact of a CPA in an inpatient academic medical center.
  • To assess the effectiveness of pharmacist-led interventions in solid organ transplant care.

Main Methods:

  • Three transplant pharmacists documented interventions in a specialized software (Quantifi®).
  • Data collected from September to October 2013.
  • Interventions were categorized by type and impact to estimate cost savings.

Main Results:

  • A total of 1060 interventions were recorded, averaging 20 per pharmacist daily.
  • Pharmacokinetic evaluations (36%) and dose adjustments (19%) were the most frequent interventions.
  • Estimated institutional savings reached $107,634.00 during the study period, projecting to $373,131.20 annually per pharmacist with a 2.65 cost-benefit ratio.

Conclusions:

  • Implementation of a CPA empowers pharmacists to provide clinically significant interventions.
  • Pharmacist-led medication management improves patient care and offers substantial financial benefits in complex transplant populations.