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Psychological Factors and the Development of Chronic Whiplash-associated Disorder(s): A Systematic Review
Letitia Campbell1, Ashley Smith2, Leanne McGregor3
1Menzies Health Institute Queensland.
Objectives:
To assess which psychological factors are important in the development of chronic whiplash symptoms.
Methods:
Searches were conducted across PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and PsychINFO up until March 2017. Studies were included if they investigated psychological prognostic factors in association with recovery from a whiplash injury. Studies also had to be prospective, cohort, follow-up or observational studies, have a 6 month follow-up and published in English. Quality assessments were conducted by 2 independent reviewers. Thirty-one articles were included investigating 34 psychological factors.
Results:
Poor expectations of recovery, posttraumatic stress symptoms and passive coping emerged as the most consistent prognostic factors of chronic neck pain and/or disability after a whiplash injury. Anxiety, travel anxiety, depression, personality, precollision distress, general psychological distress, and avoidance behavior were not associated with chronic whiplash problems.
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